文/北京集佳知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)代理有限公司 葛琛琛
近年來，隨著越來越多新興科技的涌現(xiàn)，專利申請(qǐng)的主題也變得廣泛。隨之而來的是，專利適格性的問題由于不斷變化而備受關(guān)注。2014年，美國(guó)最高院提出采用“兩步法”準(zhǔn)則審查專利是否滿足專利法101條，也就是專利適格性問題。但是，“兩步法”準(zhǔn)則對(duì)于審查是否具有專利適格性的操作要求并不明確。對(duì)此，在2019年1月，美國(guó)專利商標(biāo)局向?qū)彶閱T發(fā)布了關(guān)于如何針對(duì)專利適格性審查權(quán)利要求的新指南，該指南重點(diǎn)關(guān)注專利適格性分析中的步驟2A。在步驟2A分析中，當(dāng)審查員認(rèn)定是抽象概念時(shí)，需要回答的關(guān)鍵問題是該抽象概念是否指向?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用。
下面我們分享兩件Patent Trial and Appeal Board 審理決定的案例來了解步驟2A的審查實(shí)踐。
一、案例1：Appeal 2024-000087 Application 16/474,477【1】
案例涉及減速器的故障診斷裝置領(lǐng)域，權(quán)利要求1如下：
1.A failure diagnosis system comprising:
a mechanical apparatus including:
a motor;
a reduction gear driven by the motor, the reduction gear being configured to slow down rotation power of the motor and transmit the rotation power to an operating part of the mechanical apparatus;
an encoder configured to detect a rotational position of the motor; and
a sensor configured to detect a motor current supplied to the motor, the motor current being one of load current of the motor and a current value having a correlation with the load current;
a processor programmed to:
acquire rotation speed data of the motor based on a
signal from the encoder;
identify an acceleration/deceleration period during which operation of the mechanical apparatus accelerates and/or decelerates based on the acquired rotation speed data based on the signal from the encoder;
generate a group of time series rotation speed data by sequentially sampling the portion of the acquired rotation speed data from the identified acceleration/deceleration period acquired based on the signal from the encoder;
...
make a determination of whether the reduction gear indicates a sign of failure induced by abrasion based on a comparison between a given amplitude threshold and the extracted peak value in a change in frequency spectrum of the motor current with respect to a change in a rotation speed of the motor during the acceleration/deceleration period; and
an outputter that outputs a result of the determination of whether the reduction gear indicates the sign of failure.
審查員認(rèn)為權(quán)1屬于抽象概念中的數(shù)學(xué)概念或心理活動(dòng)，且該抽象概念沒有指向?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用，因?yàn)闄?quán)1中所述處理器（processor）僅是用于執(zhí)行通用計(jì)算機(jī)指令的通用計(jì)算機(jī)裝置，而至于權(quán)1中的motor, reduction gear, encoder, and sensor 僅是用于無關(guān)緊要的額外解決方案活動(dòng)的數(shù)據(jù)收集步驟。
但PTAB 認(rèn)為，權(quán)1不涉及數(shù)學(xué)概念。雖然權(quán)1中的一系列決策是基于數(shù)學(xué)概念，但并沒有出現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)概念本身。即使權(quán)1中涉及了抽象概念，但該抽象概念也指向改進(jìn)減速器故障檢測(cè)技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。雖然權(quán)1的處理器是一個(gè)通用的計(jì)算機(jī)組件，但執(zhí)行該處理器可以改進(jìn)技術(shù)。所以，根據(jù)新修改指南在Step2A中的Prong 2的判斷，權(quán)1符合101的規(guī)定，屬于可專利的客體。
二、案例2：Appeal 2024-000046 Application 15/793,455【1】
案例涉及基于內(nèi)核的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)生成輸入的方法領(lǐng)域，權(quán)利要求1如下：
1. A method, comprising:
performing a classification operation on a first item,
including:
generating, by processing circuitry of a computer configured to operate a kernel-based machine learning classifier, a plurality of diagonal matrices, each of the plurality of diagonal matrices having non-diagonal elements that are zero and diagonal elements that have values distributed according to a specified probability distribution function and having a dimension based on a specified dimension;
producing, by the processing circuitry, a plurality of orthogonal matrices, each of the plurality of orthogonal matrices having mutually orthogonal rows;
for each of the plurality of diagonal matrices, forming, by the processing circuitry, a plurality of matrix pairs, each of the plurality of matrix pairs including (i) that diagonal matrix, and (ii) a respective orthogonal matrix of the plurality of orthogonal matrices;
generating, by the processing circuitry, a product of each of the plurality of matrix pairs to produce a linear transformation matrix;
obtaining, by the processing circuitry, an input vector representing the first item from a database, the input vector having the specified dimension;
using the linear transformation matrix to produce an approximated feature vector for the input vector, the approximated feature vector including a nonlinear function of inner products of row vectors of the linear transformation matrix and the input vector; and
providing the approximated feature vector as input into the kernel-based machine learning classifier; and
determining, by the processing circuitry, whether the first item has a particular classification based on an output of the kernel-based machine learning classifier.
審查員將斜體部分認(rèn)為是屬于抽象概念，黑體部分屬于高度概括的附加元素，下劃線部分是無關(guān)緊要的額外解決方案的活動(dòng)。
PTAB則是通過以下步驟對(duì)權(quán)1進(jìn)行判斷：
1）步驟 1(Statutory category法定分類)
根據(jù)101法條規(guī)定的可專利的四類中，可以確認(rèn)屬于方法。
2）步驟 2A(i)（does the claim recite a judicial exception?權(quán)利要求是否屬于司法例外？）
部分權(quán)1特征如下：
“generating . . . a product of each of the plurality of matrix pairs to produce a linear transformation matrix . . .
using the linear transformation matrix to produce an approximated feature vector for the input vector . . .”
認(rèn)同審查員意見為數(shù)學(xué)概念，但是僅是數(shù)學(xué)概念不足以被認(rèn)為不具有專利適格性。
另有部分權(quán)1特征如下：
“performing a classification operation on a first item . . .
generating . . . a plurality of diagonal matrices . . .
producing . . . a plurality of orthogonal matrices . . .
for each of the plurality of diagonal matrices, forming . . . a plurality of matrix pairs . . .
providing the approximated feature vector as input . . . ; and
determining . . . whether the first item has a particular classification based on an output of the kernel-based machine learning classifier.”
PTAB假定這些特征屬于抽象概念中的心理活動(dòng)。
3）步驟2A(ii)（is the judicial exception integrated into a practical application?該司法例外是否指向?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用？）
PTAB同意審查員認(rèn)為“processing circuitry”和“database”是高度概括的元素僅涉及執(zhí)行通用指令的通用的計(jì)算機(jī)，認(rèn)為“obtaining . . . an input vector representing the first item . . . , the input vector having the specified dimension”是無關(guān)緊要的額外解決方案活動(dòng)。
但是，PTAB認(rèn)為“providing the approximated feature vector as input into the kernel-based machine learning classifier”和 “determining, by the processing circuitry, whether the first item has a particular classification based on an output of the kernel-based machine learning classifier”是將矩陣和向量的乘法這個(gè)抽象概念指向實(shí)際應(yīng)用，即：根據(jù)稱為結(jié)構(gòu)化正交隨機(jī)特征(SORF)的新框架生成針對(duì)高斯內(nèi)核的無偏估計(jì)器；使用該無偏估計(jì)器來從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中選擇的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行分類操作。這種實(shí)際應(yīng)用提高了某一特定機(jī)器的性能。因此，這些額外的限制通過提高機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)分類器的內(nèi)存使用和準(zhǔn)確性，為機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域提供了改進(jìn)。所以根據(jù)新修改指南在Step2A中的Prong 2的判斷，權(quán)1符合101的規(guī)定，屬于可專利的客體。
三、總結(jié)
從上述兩個(gè)案例可以看出，當(dāng)被審查員認(rèn)為是抽象概念時(shí)，可以根據(jù)步驟2A的判斷步驟去整理答復(fù)思路，也就是該抽象概念是否指向?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用，在這里，兩案例中的抽象概念指向的實(shí)際應(yīng)用，均是在其技術(shù)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)取得有益效果或改進(jìn)。新指南中也指出，如果抽象概念在應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域沒有改進(jìn)，則不被視為指向?qū)嶋H應(yīng)用。
以上是近期PTAB針對(duì)101問題審查的兩件案例，希望能為代理人在處理相關(guān)問題時(shí)提供啟發(fā)。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
【1】https://developer.uspto.gov/ptab-web/#/search/decisions